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The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years. Hence the Julian year is on average 365.25 days long.

The Julian calendar remained in use into the 20th century in some countries as a national calendar, but it has generally been replaced by the modern Gregorian calendar. It is still used by the Berber people of North Africa, on Mount Athos, and by many national Orthodox churches. Orthodox Churches no longer using the Julian calendar typically use the Revised Julian calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar. Read More: > HERE <

 

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries adopting it over the following centuries.

The Gregorian calendar reform contained two parts, a reform of the Julian calendar as used up to Pope Gregory’s time, together with a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church along with the Julian calendar for calculating dates of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).[4] Lilius‘ proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years: this part of the proposal had been suggested before, e.g. by Pietro Pitati. Lilio also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon for completing the calculation of Easter dates, solving a longstanding difficulty that had faced proposers of calendar reform. Read More: > HERE <

 

The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar.

Most of these calendars are inherited from a system first enunciated in Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, a late BCE adjunct to the Vedas, standardized in the Surya Siddhanta (3rd century CE) and subsequently reformed by astronomers such as Aryabhata (499 CE), Varahamihira (6th c. CE), and Bhaskara (12th c. CE). There are differences and regional variations abound in these computations, but the following is a general overview of Hindu lunisolar calendar. 

Yoga: First one computes the angular distance along the ecliptic of each object, taking the ecliptic to start at Mesha or Aries (MeshÄdi, as defined above): this is called the longitude of that object. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, and normalized to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360). This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800′ (where ‚ is the symbol of the arcminute which means 1/60 of a degree). These parts are called the yogas.  Read More: > HERE <

 

Solar Calender: > HERE <

Lunar Calender: > HERE <

Veda, Vedic Science´s , Panchangam: > HERE <

 

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THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE

Hubble works on the same principle as the first reflecting telescope built in the 1600s by Isaac Newton. Light enters the telescope and strikes a concave primary mirror, which acts like a lens to focus the light. The bigger the mirror, the better the image.

In Hubble, light from the primary mirror is reflected to a smaller secondary mirror in front of the primary mirror, then back through a hole in the primary to instruments clustered behind the focal plane (where the image is in focus).

THE UNIVERSE

Hubble’s longest exposures are like a core sample of the universe, recording galaxies at many different distances. This is one of the deepest core samples ever taken. It shows a few nearby stars in our Milky Way galaxy. The rest of the objects are distant galaxies, extending from 1 billion to over 10 billion light-years away.

STARS

Stars live and die over the course of millions to billions of years. It is unusual to see changes in individual stars. To learn more about them, we must piece together snapshots of stars at different life stages — from birth to death.

The birth, life, and rebirth of stars is an ongoing process in the universe. The byproducts of this process include planets and the elements that make life possible.

GALAXIES

Galaxies come in diverse shapes and sizes. NGC 4414 — which is located about 62 million light-years away — is an example of a spiral galaxy. As with most spirals, the central region of NGC 4414 contains primarily older, yellow and red stars. The outer spiral arms are considerably bluer due to ongoing formation of young, blue stars.

The stars form a flat disk that circles the nucleus — a disk we see tilted, so it doesn’t appear flat. Spiral galaxies like NGC 4414 display beautiful spiral arms made up of millions of young stars.